Mieszko I, ruler of the Polans tribe from the Greater Poland region, united a few culturally and linguistically related tribes from the basins of the Vistula and Oder before eventually accepting baptism in 966. Polish began to emerge as a distinct language around the 10th century, the process largely triggered by the establishment and development of the Polish state. Because of the emigration from Poland during different time periods, most notably after World War II, millions of Polish speakers can also be found in countries such as Canada, Argentina, Brazil, Israel, Australia, the United Kingdom and the United States. It is also spoken as a second language in eastern Germany, northern Czech Republic and Slovakia, western parts of Belarus and Ukraine as well as in southeast Lithuania and Latvia. Today, Polish is spoken by approximately 38 million people as their first language in Poland. Historically, Polish was a lingua franca, important both diplomatically and academically in Central and part of Eastern Europe. Extensive usage of nonstandard dialects has also shaped the standard language considerable colloquialisms and expressions were directly borrowed from German or Yiddish and subsequently adopted into the vernacular of Polish which is in everyday use. In addition, Polish was profoundly influenced by Latin and other Romance languages like Italian and French as well as Germanic languages (most notably German), which contributed to a large number of loanwords and similar grammatical structures. Īmong the major languages, it is most closely related to Slovak and Czech but differs in terms of pronunciation and general grammar. Contemporary Polish developed in the 1700s as the successor to the medieval Old Polish (10th–16th centuries) and Middle Polish (16th–18th centuries). It is one of very few languages in the world possessing continuous penultimate stress (with only a few exceptions) and the only in its group having an abundance of palatal consonants. Polish is a synthetic and fusional language which has seven grammatical cases. The traditional set comprises 23 consonants and 9 written vowels, including two nasal vowels ( ę, ą) defined by a reversed diacritic hook called an ogonek. Those three letters are at times included in an extended 35-letter alphabet, although they are not used in native words. The traditional 32-letter Polish alphabet has nine additions ( ą, ć, ę, ł, ń, ó, ś, ź, ż) to the letters of the basic 26-letter Latin alphabet, while removing three (x, q, v). Polish is subdivided into regional dialects and maintains strict T–V distinction pronouns, honorifics, and various forms of formalities when addressing individuals. It ranks as the sixth most-spoken among languages of the European Union. There are over 50 million Polish speakers around the world. In addition to being the official language of Poland, it is also used by the Polish diaspora. It is spoken primarily in Poland and serves as the native language of the Poles. Polish (Polish: język polski, ⓘ, polszczyzna ⓘ or simply polski, ⓘ) is a West Slavic language of the Lechitic group within the Indo-European language family written in the Latin script. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. This article contains IPA phonetic symbols.
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